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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, whose tribal clan name is "Madiba", born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo (Cape Province) and died December 5, 2013 in Johannesburg (Gauteng), is a South African statesman; he was one of the historic leaders in the struggle against the institutional political system of racial segregation (apartheid) before becoming President of the Republic of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, following the first non-segregationist national elections in the history of the country.
Nelson Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 19434 to fight against the political domination of the white minority and the racial segregation imposed by it. Having become a lawyer, he participated in the non-violent struggle against the laws of Apartheid, put in place by the government of the National Party from 1948. The ANC was banned in 1960 and, as the peaceful struggle did not give rise to any Tangible results, Mandela founded and headed the military wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe, in 1961, which waged a campaign of sabotage against public and military installations. On August 5, 1962, he was arrested by the South African police on the advice of the CIA, then sentenced to prison and forced labor for life during the Rivonia trial. From then on, it became a symbol of the fight for racial equality and enjoyed growing international support.
After twenty-seven years of imprisonment in often difficult conditions and after refusing to be released in order to remain consistent with his convictions, Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. Inspired by the ubuntu thought in which he was high, it supports reconciliation and negotiation with the government of President Frederik de Klerk. In 1993, with the latter, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for having jointly and peacefully put an end to the apartheid regime and laid the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.
After a difficult transition in which he and de Klerk avoided a civil war between supporters of apartheid, those of the ANC and those of the Zulu-dominant Inkhata, Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa in 1994. It pursues a policy of national reconciliation between blacks and whites; it fights against economic inequalities, but neglects the fight against AIDS, which is booming in South Africa. After a single term, he retired from active political life, but continued to publicly support the African National Congress while condemning its abuses.
Subsequently involved in several associations fighting against poverty or against AIDS, he remains a world-renowned figure in favor of the defense of human rights. He is hailed as the father of a multiethnic and fully democratic South Africa, described as a “rainbow nation”, even though the country suffers from economic inequalities, social tensions and community withdrawal.
